查看完整版本: 汽车蓄电池基础知识课堂：使用及保养八大注意

汽车蓄电池基础知识课堂：使用及保养八大注意

　　蓄电池是汽车必不可少的一部分，按市场现有蓄电池的品种大致可分为两种：传统的铅酸蓄电池和近些年来刚在国内普及使用的免维护型蓄电池。

　　铅酸蓄电池是由正负极板、隔板、壳体、电解液和接线桩头等组成，其放电的化学反应是依靠正极板活性物质和负极板活性物质在电解液(稀硫酸溶液)的作用下进行，其中极板的栅架是用铅锑合金制造。传统蓄电池在使用过程中会发生减液现象，这是由于栅架上的锑会污染负极板上的铅，造成水的过度分解，大量氧气和氢气分别从正负极板上溢出，使电解液减少。

　　免维护型蓄电池是用铅钙合金制造，由于蓄电池采用了铅钙合金做栅架，所以充电时产生的水分解量少，水分蒸发量也低，加上外壳采用密封结构，释放出来的硫酸气体也很少，所以它与传统蓄电池相比，具有不需添加任何液体，对接线桩头、电线和车身腐蚀少，抗过充电能力强，启动电流大，电量储存时间长等优点，近些年在国内很受青睐。

　　下面介绍的就是有关蓄电池在使用及保养方面需要注意的一些问题。

　 　1.蓄电池长久不用，它会慢慢自行放电，直至报废。因此，每隔一段时间就应启动一次汽车，给蓄电池充电。另一个办法就是将蓄电池上的两个电极拔下来，需注意的是从电极柱上拔下正、负两根电极线，要先拔下负极线，或卸下负极和汽车底盘的连接，然后再拔去带有正极标志(十)的另一端。蓄电池有一定的使用寿命，到一定的时期就要更换。在更换时同样要遵循上述次序，不过在把电极线接上去时，次序则恰恰相反，先接正极，然后再接负极。

　　2.蓄电池的蓄电量可以在仪表板上反映出来。当电流表指针显示蓄电量不足时，要及时充电。有时在路途中发现电量不够了，发动机又熄火启动不了，作为临时措施，可以向其它的车辆求助，用其它车辆上的蓄电池来发动车辆，将两个蓄电池的负极和负极相连，正极和正极相连。

　　3.电解液的密度应按照不同的地区、不同的季节按照标准进行相应的调整。     

　　4.在亏电解液时应补充蒸馏水或专用补液，切忌用饮用纯净水代替，因为纯净水中含有多种微量元素，对蓄电池会造成不良影响。

　　5.在启动汽车时，不间断地使用启动机会导致蓄电池因过度放电而损坏。正确的使用办法是每次发动车的时间总长不超过5秒，再次启动间隔时间不少于15秒。在多次启动仍不着车的情况下应从电路、点火线圈或油路等其他方面找原因。

　　6.日常行车时应经常检查蓄电池盖上的小孔是否通气，倘若蓄电池盖小孔被堵，产生的氢气和氧气排不出去，电解液膨胀时，会把蓄电池外壳撑破，影响蓄电池寿命。

　　7.检查电池的正、负极有无被氧化的迹象，可以用热水时常浇电瓶的电线连接处。

　　8.检查电路各部分有无老化或短路的地方，防止电池因为过度放电而提前退役。

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